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To create a migration, use the make:migration Artisan command: php artisan make:migration createuserstable. The new migration will be placed in your database/migrations directory. Each migration file name contains a timestamp, which allows Laravel to determine the order of the migrations.

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1. Dec 07, 2016 The `key:generate` Laravel Artisan command is used to generate a random key. This command will update the key stored in the application's environment file. The command also supports an optional `-.
2. Application Key. The next thing you should do after installing Laravel is set your application key to a random string. If you installed Laravel via Composer or the Laravel installer, this key has already been set for you by the php artisan key:generate command. Typically, this string should be 32 characters long.

• Installation
• Web Server Configuration

Installation

Server Requirements

The Laravel framework has a few system requirements. All of these requirements are satisfied by the Laravel Homestead virtual machine, so it's highly recommended that you use Homestead as your local Laravel development environment.

However, if you are not using Homestead, you will need to make sure your server meets the following requirements:

• PHP >= 7.2.5
• BCMath PHP Extension
• Ctype PHP Extension
• Fileinfo PHP extension
• JSON PHP Extension
• Mbstring PHP Extension
• OpenSSL PHP Extension
• PDO PHP Extension
• Tokenizer PHP Extension
• XML PHP Extension

Installing Laravel

Laravel utilizes Composer to manage its dependencies. So, before using Laravel, make sure you have Composer installed on your machine.

Via Laravel Installer

First, download the Laravel installer using Composer:

Make sure to place Composer's system-wide vendor bin directory in your $PATH so the laravel executable can be located by your system. This directory exists in different locations based on your operating system; however, some common locations include:

• macOS: $HOME/.composer/vendor/bin
• Windows: %USERPROFILE%AppDataRoamingComposervendorbin
• GNU / Linux Distributions: $HOME/.config/composer/vendor/bin or $HOME/.composer/vendor/bin

You could also find the composer's global installation path by running composer global about and looking up from the first line.

Once installed, the laravel new command will create a fresh Laravel installation in the directory you specify. For instance, laravel new blog will create a directory named blog containing a fresh Laravel installation with all of Laravel's dependencies already installed:

Via Composer Create-Project

Alternatively, you may also install Laravel by issuing the Composer create-project command in your terminal:

Local Development Server

If you have PHP installed locally and you would like to use PHP's built-in development server to serve your application, you may use the serve Artisan command. This command will start a development server at http://localhost:8000:

More robust local development options are available via Homestead and Valet.

Configuration

Public Directory

After installing Laravel, you should configure your web server's document / web root to be the public directory. The index.php in this directory serves as the front controller for all HTTP requests entering your application.

Configuration Files

All of the configuration files for the Laravel framework are stored in the config directory. Each option is documented, so feel free to look through the files and get familiar with the options available to you.

Directory Permissions

After installing Laravel, you may need to configure some permissions. Directories within the storage and the bootstrap/cache directories should be writable by your web server or Laravel will not run. If you are using the Homestead virtual machine, these permissions should already be set.

Application Key

The next thing you should do after installing Laravel is set your application key to a random string. If you installed Laravel via Composer or the Laravel installer, this key has already been set for you by the php artisan key:generate command.

Typically, this string should be 32 characters long. The key can be set in the .env environment file. If you have not copied the .env.example file to a new file named .env, you should do that now. If the application key is not set, your user sessions and other encrypted data will not be secure!

Additional Configuration

Laravel needs almost no other configuration out of the box. You are free to get started developing! However, you may wish to review the config/app.php file and its documentation. It contains several options such as timezone and locale that you may wish to change according to your application.

You may also want to configure a few additional components of Laravel, such as:

Web Server Configuration

Directory Configuration

Laravel should always be served out of the root of the 'web directory' configured for your web server. You should not attempt to serve a Laravel application out of a subdirectory of the 'web directory'. Attempting to do so could expose sensitive files present within your application.

Pretty URLs

Apache

Laravel includes a public/.htaccess file that is used to provide URLs without the index.php front controller in the path. Before serving Laravel with Apache, be sure to enable the mod_rewrite module so the .htaccess file will be honored by the server.

If the .htaccess file that ships with Laravel does not work with your Apache installation, try this alternative:

Nginx

If you are using Nginx, the following directive in your site configuration will direct all requests to the index.php front controller:

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• Introduction
• Writing Commands
• Defining Input Expectations
• Command I/O
• Programmatically Executing Commands

Introduction

Artisan is the command-line interface included with Laravel. It provides a number of helpful commands that can assist you while you build your application. To view a list of all available Artisan commands, you may use the list command:

Every command also includes a 'help' screen which displays and describes the command's available arguments and options. To view a help screen, precede the name of the command with help:

Tinker (REPL)

Laravel Tinker is a powerful REPL for the Laravel framework, powered by the PsySH package.

Installation

All Laravel applications include Tinker by default. However, you may install it manually if needed using Composer:

Usage

Tinker allows you to interact with your entire Laravel application on the command line, including the Eloquent ORM, jobs, events, and more. To enter the Tinker environment, run the tinker Artisan command:

You can publish Tinker's configuration file using the vendor:publish command:

{note} The dispatch helper function and dispatch method on the Dispatchable class depends on garbage collection to place the job on the queue. Therefore, when using tinker, you should use Bus::dispatch or Queue::push to dispatch jobs.

Command Whitelist

Tinker utilizes a white-list to determine which Artisan commands are allowed to be run within its shell. By default, you may run the clear-compiled, down, env, inspire, migrate, optimize, and up commands. If you would like to white-list more commands you may add them to the commands array in your tinker.php configuration file:

Alias Blacklist

Typically, Tinker automatically aliases classes as you require them in Tinker. However, you may wish to never alias some classes. You may accomplish this by listing the classes in the dont_alias array of your tinker.php configuration file:

Writing Commands

In addition to the commands provided with Artisan, you may also build your own custom commands. Commands are typically stored in the app/Console/Commands directory; however, you are free to choose your own storage location as long as your commands can be loaded by Composer.

Generating Commands

To create a new command, use the make:command Artisan command. This command will create a new command class in the app/Console/Commands directory. Don't worry if this directory does not exist in your application, since it will be created the first time you run the make:command Artisan command. The generated command will include the default set of properties and methods that are present on all commands:

Command Structure

After generating your command, you should fill in the signature and description properties of the class, which will be used when displaying your command on the list screen. The handle method will be called when your command is executed. You may place your command logic in this method.

{tip} For greater code reuse, it is good practice to keep your console commands light and let them defer to application services to accomplish their tasks. In the example below, note that we inject a service class to do the 'heavy lifting' of sending the e-mails.

Let's take a look at an example command. Note that we are able to inject any dependencies we need into the command's handle method. The Laravel service container will automatically inject all dependencies that are type-hinted in this method's signature:

Closure Commands

Closure based commands provide an alternative to defining console commands as classes. In the same way that route Closures are an alternative to controllers, think of command Closures as an alternative to command classes. Within the commands method of your app/Console/Kernel.php file, Laravel loads the routes/console.php file:

Even though this file does not define HTTP routes, it defines console based entry points (routes) into your application. Within this file, you may define all of your Closure based routes using the Artisan::command method. The command method accepts two arguments: the command signature and a Closure which receives the commands arguments and options:

The Closure is bound to the underlying command instance, so you have full access to all of the helper methods you would typically be able to access on a full command class.

Type-Hinting Dependencies

In addition to receiving your command's arguments and options, command Closures may also type-hint additional dependencies that you would like resolved out of the service container:

Closure Command Descriptions

When defining a Closure based command, you may use the describe method to add a description to the command. This description will be displayed when you run the php artisan list or php artisan help commands:

Defining Input Expectations

When writing console commands, it is common to gather input from the user through arguments or options. Laravel makes it very convenient to define the input you expect from the user using the signature property on your commands. The signature property allows you to define the name, arguments, and options for the command in a single, expressive, route-like syntax.

Arguments

All user supplied arguments and options are wrapped in curly braces. In the following example, the command defines one required argument: user:

You may also make arguments optional and define default values for arguments:

Options

Options, like arguments, are another form of user input. Options are prefixed by two hyphens (--) when they are specified on the command line. There are two types of options: those that receive a value and those that don't. Options that don't receive a value serve as a boolean 'switch'. Let's take a look at an example of this type of option:

In this example, the --queue switch may be specified when calling the Artisan command. If the --queue switch is passed, the value of the option will be true. Otherwise, the value will be false:

Options With Values

Next, let's take a look at an option that expects a value. If the user must specify a value for an option, suffix the option name with a = sign:

In this example, the user may pass a value for the option like so:

You may assign default values to options by specifying the default value after the option name. If no option value is passed by the user, the default value will be used:

Option Shortcuts

To assign a shortcut when defining an option, you may specify it before the option name and use a delimiter to separate the shortcut from the full option name:

Input Arrays

If you would like to define arguments or options to expect array inputs, you may use the * character. First, let's take a look at an example that specifies an array argument:

When calling this method, the user arguments may be passed in order to the command line. For example, the following command will set the value of user to ['foo', 'bar']:

When defining an option that expects an array input, each option value passed to the command should be prefixed with the option name:

Input Descriptions

You may assign descriptions to input arguments and options by separating the parameter from the description using a colon. If you need a little extra room to define your command, feel free to spread the definition across multiple lines:

Command I/O

Retrieving Input

While your command is executing, you will obviously need to access the values for the arguments and options accepted by your command. To do so, you may use the argument and option methods:

If you need to retrieve all of the arguments as an array, call the arguments method:

Options may be retrieved just as easily as arguments using the option method. To retrieve all of the options as an array, call the options method:

If the argument or option does not exist, null will be returned.

Prompting For Input

In addition to displaying output, you may also ask the user to provide input during the execution of your command. The ask method will prompt the user with the given question, accept their input, and then return the user's input back to your command:

The secret method is similar to ask, but the user's input will not be visible to them as they type in the console. This method is useful when asking for sensitive information such as a password:

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Asking For Confirmation

If you need to ask the user for a simple confirmation, you may use the confirm method. By default, this method will return false. However, if the user enters y or yes in response to the prompt, the method will return true.

Auto-Completion

The anticipate method can be used to provide auto-completion for possible choices. The user can still choose any answer, regardless of the auto-completion hints:

Alternatively, you may pass a Closure as the second argument to the anticipate method. The Closure will be called each time the user types an input character. The Closure should accept a string parameter containing the user's input so far, and return an array of options for auto-completion:

Multiple Choice Questions

If you need to give the user a predefined set of choices, you may use the choice method. You may set the array index of the default value to be returned if no option is chosen:

In addition, the choice method accepts optional fourth and fifth arguments for determining the maximum number of attempts to select a valid response and whether multiple selections are permitted:

Writing Output

To send output to the console, use the line, info, comment, question and error methods. Each of these methods will use appropriate ANSI colors for their purpose. For example, let's display some general information to the user. Typically, the info method will display in the console as green text:

To display an error message, use the error method. Error message text is typically displayed in red:

If you would like to display plain, uncolored console output, use the line method:

Table Layouts

The table method makes it easy to correctly format multiple rows / columns of data. Just pass in the headers and rows to the method. The width and height will be dynamically calculated based on the given data:

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Progress Bars

For long running tasks, it could be helpful to show a progress indicator. Using the output object, we can start, advance and stop the Progress Bar. First, define the total number of steps the process will iterate through. Then, advance the Progress Bar after processing each item:

For more advanced options, check out the Symfony Progress Bar component documentation.

Registering Commands

Because of the load method call in your console kernel's commands method, all commands within the app/Console/Commands directory will automatically be registered with Artisan. In fact, you are free to make additional calls to the load method to scan other directories for Artisan commands:

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You may also manually register commands by adding its class name to the $commands property of your app/Console/Kernel.php file. When Artisan boots, all the commands listed in this property will be resolved by the service container and registered with Artisan:

Programmatically Executing Commands

Sometimes you may wish to execute an Artisan command outside of the CLI. For example, you may wish to fire an Artisan command from a route or controller. You may use the call method on the Artisan facade to accomplish this. The call method accepts either the command's name or class as the first argument, and an array of command parameters as the second argument. The exit code will be returned:

Alternatively, you may pass the entire Artisan command to the call method as a string:

Using the queue method on the Artisan facade, you may even queue Artisan commands so they are processed in the background by your queue workers. Before using this method, make sure you have configured your queue and are running a queue listener:

You may also specify the connection or queue the Artisan command should be dispatched to:

Passing Array Values

If your command defines an option that accepts an array, you may pass an array of values to that option:

Passing Boolean Values

If you need to specify the value of an option that does not accept string values, such as the --force flag on the migrate:refresh command, you should pass true or false:

Calling Commands From Other Commands

Sometimes you may wish to call other commands from an existing Artisan command. You may do so using the call method. This call method accepts the command name and an array of command parameters:

If you would like to call another console command and suppress all of its output, you may use the callSilent method. The callSilent method has the same signature as the call method:

Stub Customization

The Artisan console's make commands are used to create a variety of classes, such as controllers, jobs, migrations, and tests. These classes are generated using 'stub' files that are populated with values based on your input. However, you may sometimes wish to make small changes to files generated by Artisan. To accomplish this, you may use the stub:publish command to publish the most common stubs for customization:

The published stubs will be located within a stubs directory in the root of your application. Any changes you make to these stubs will be reflected when you generate their corresponding classes using Artisan make commands.